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The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, a 1.1-mile-long concrete colossus, is set to become the largest hydropower plant in Africa. Whittington, D. et al. This agreement could pave the way for a more detailed cooperation framework, and represents a major step toward dispute resolution. Although Egypt has persistently argued that the 1959 agreement between Egypt and Sudan is the legal framework for the allocation of the waters of the Nile, Ethiopia and other upstream riparian states reject that argument. The most important of these treaties is the 1997 UN Convention on the Law of Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses (the Watercourses Convention). Ethiopia should get its fair share of water that originates in Ethiopia. International experts analyze impacts of Ethiopian dam 17th round of GERD tripartite talks hits wall in Cairo. However, Ethiopia ultimately refused to sign the draft agreement. Because the strategy of land allocation and dam construction relied on senior executive decisions and foreign funding from China, above all, the government was largely freed of pressures of transparency and accountability. Since plans for Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) were first announced in 2011, Cairo has viewed the project as a serious threat to the country's water supply. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) is a 6,450 MW hydropower project nearing completion on the Blue Nile in Ethiopia, located about 30 km upstream of the border with Sudan. In contrast, if water from the Dam were to be used for irrigation purposes by Ethiopia (i.e. l It is in the Benishangul-Gumuz Region of Ethiopia, about 15 km east of the border with Sudan. What are the disadvantages of the Aswan Dam? The Chinese donors who have agreed to fund it have performed no independent social or environmental impact reviews. Although Ethiopia has argued that the hydroelectric GERD will not significantly affect the flow of water into the Nile, Egypt, which depends almost entirely on the Nile waters for household and commercial uses, sees the dam as a major threat to its water security. Factbox: Key facts about Ethiopia's giant Nile dam | Reuters Why the Nile could see a 'water war'. It too has legal arguments it could adduce in support of its position that the Dam is permitted under international law. . The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. Such a meaningful resource-sharing agreement should not only resolve the conflict over water-use rights among the riparian states, but it should help define concepts such as equitable and reasonable use and significant harm, which have been used by the downstream states in their criticisms of the GERD. Elliot Winter is a lecturer (assistant professor) in international law at Newcastle University in the United Kingdom. The IPoE report recommended two studies to assess the environmental and socio-economic impacts of GERD and was interpreted by both the Egyptian and the Ethiopian government as a vindication of their respective positions. Despite several tripartite meetings between November 2013 and January 2014, no agreement was reached on the implementation of the IPoE recommendations and controversies were evolving around the constitution of a trilateral committee. Ethiopia is pinning its hopes of economic development and power generation on the dam. At this point, though, the GERD is nearly completed, and so Egypt has shifted its position to trying to secure a political agreement over the timetable for filling the GERDs reservoir and how the GERD will be managed, particularly during droughts. After all, the VCLT allows states to withdraw from or terminate a treaty owing to a fundamental change of circumstances which has occurred and which was not foreseen by the parties (Article 62(1)). Therefore, all the water is eventually released downstream with the effect that there is no net loss of water to downstream states. The current global energy crisis may help in this regard in the sense that Egyptians may find the allure of discounted hydroelectric energy stronger than ever before. It also created a counter message to Egypts powerful the Nile is Egypt narrative that is familiar around the world. An unsubscribe function is also at the bottom of every newsletter. However, an agreement was still far from reach. (DOC) Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam - Academia.edu Since 2015, technical reports on the potential impacts of the dam have failed to reach a consensus within the TNC (Maguid, 2017). Similarly, both the final agreement between the riparian states for the allocation of the water and resources of the Nile should include a dispute resolution mechanism. China at the heart of rising Nile River conflict - Asia Times Ethiopia could argue that those imperial powers did not foresee the decolonisation of Africa and that this represented a watershed event that profoundly changed the foundation on which the Nile Water Treaties were constructed. Consequently, it suits Egypts interests in this context to argue that the DoP is binding, that it precludes any net loss of flow and therefore that the use of the Dam for irrigation purposes is prohibited. Sign up for news on environment, conflict and cooperation. In recognition of the fact that the Nile Waters Treaties had become an uncomfortable and anachronistic vestige of colonialism, ten watercourse states along the Nile (including Egypt and Ethiopia) agreed in 1999 to form the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI). However, another trend stresses the need to approach the question from a broader and more holistic perspective. Washington Must Act Now to Save Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Although conflict over the allocation of the waters of the Nile River has existed for many years, the dispute, especially that between Egypt and Ethiopia, significantly escalated when the latter commenced construction of the dam on the Blue Nile in 2011. While the water will return to its normal state before reaching Egypt, the damage to these populations will be permanent. Ethiopia has the basins most suitable locations for hydropower production, and its damming of the Blue Nile would significantly increase Sudan's potential for irrigated agriculture. We shall begin with the former. In any event, the dispute remains. Thus, as with the Watercourses Convention and the CFA, the DoP does not offer a clear legal resolution to the dispute. Egypt has issued a public statement to that effect. As noted above, the instrument concedes for the first time that Ethiopia has legitimate interests over the Nile. The Friends of Lake Turkana, an NGO representing indigenous groups whose livelihoods are dependent on the Lake, filed a suit to halt the construction of the dam. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam and the Ethiopian Challenge of Disputes over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), hailed by both Egypt and Ethiopia as a new chapter in relations between Egypt and Ethiopia based on openness and mutual understanding and cooperation (. Download PDF 1.40 MB. The Zenawi concept of a Strong Ethiopia envisions the country as a powerful hydroelectric energy hub exporting electricity to Djibouti and Somalia in the east, Kenya and Uganda to the south, and Sudan to the west. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) is estimated to cost close to 5 billion US dollars, about 7% of the 2016 Ethiopian gross national product. Most recently, there have been suggestions that the African Union should resolve the disagreement. More alarmingly, Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak allegedly even considered bombing the Dam. In 2019, the UNESCO World Heritage Committee warned that the Gibe III Dam had already disrupted the seasonal patterns of Lake Turkana and that this would reduce fish life and harm local communities dependent on the Lake. As stipulated by an Agreement of 1959 (see:Nile Main Conflict), Egypt and Sudan presented for several decades a common position vis--vis other riparians regarding the utilisation and management of Nile waters. Water Policy, 16(4), 595-608. Egypt, fearing major disruptions to its access to the Niles waters, originally intended to prevent even the start of the GERDs construction. Ethiopias interests in developing its water resources are driven by its growing population and high demand for socio-economic development (Gebreluel, 2014). Despite the controversy and the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam's effect on Egypt and Sudan, it appears that the Ethiopian government will continue to move forward with filling the dam. - Ethiopia's massive. The filling regime and operational methods of GERD will affect Egypt, in particular through its impact on the operation of its Aswan High Dam (AHD) which aims at mitigating the high variability of the Nile River flow. Hence, it seems that such an argument would receive a warm welcome from the current bench were the matter ever to be adjudicated there. If it is allowed to reach dangerous levels, water scarcity has the potential to trigger conflicts. Although Egypt and Sudan are likely to resist efforts to include the other upstream riparians in the negotiations or to allow a regional organization, such as the NBI, to serve as an implementing organ, they must understand that the Nile River is a regional watercourse and its management must be approached from a regional perspective. Ethiopia Needs the United States to Act as an Honest Broker in the Nile . Egypt has taken various efforts in a bid to secure its water security in the context of the Nile River. The change of government in Egypt led to a more conciliatory approach (Von Lossow & Roll, 2015). First woman appointed to the Canada Supreme Court. when did construction of the dam begin? The controversy over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam - Brookings The US has revived diplomatic efforts to resolve the dispute sparked by Ethiopia's Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) project on the Nile. Sudan and Egypt, which rely most heavily on the . Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam - ArcGIS StoryMaps Cairo Controversy prevailed in the Egyptian public opinion, after Deltares, a Dutch advisory institute, announced on Sept. 15 its withdrawal from a study to assess the risks that the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, which is under construction on the Blue Nile, can cause to Egypt and Sudan. Downstream countries Egypt and Sudan have expressed concerns over the impacts of the dam on their water supply. Second, as also noted above, the Dam is to be used for electricity generation, not irrigation. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) constitutes a real crisis for the Egyptian regime, where Ethiopia several times blamed Egypt for the failure of negotiations conducted between Sudan, Egypt and Ethiopia on the dam. Chinese banks provided financing for the purchase of the turbines and electrical equipment for the hydroelectric plants. "I came to Cairo on my first official trip to the region to hear . On March 4, 1982, Bertha Wilson became the first woman appointed to the Supreme Court of Canada. On Feb. 26, Ethiopia temporarily suspended its . On 5 July 2021, Ethiopia informed Egypt and Sudan that the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) on the Blue Nile in Ethiopia is undergoing its second filling. The Tripartite National Council (TNC) was then established, consisting of members from each of the three countries with the aim of carrying through the IPoE's recommendations (Attia & Saleh, 2021). The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam will increase energy generation and development in Ethiopia, but it may have unwanted consequences for other Nile River users. This crisis has raised great concerns among large sectors of the Egyptian society, especially in light of recalling such statements as "water war," "water militarization," "military management of the GERD crisis," "water terrorism," and "Ethiopian hydro-hegemony over the Nile Basin" [ 1, 2 ]. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam located in the Benishangul-Gumuz Region of Ethiopia, about 45 km east of the border with Sudan.
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